This guide breaks down the 10 most viable citizenship by investment programs available in 2025, their real costs, processing times, and what kind of travel freedom they actually provide.
Second citizenship isn’t just for the ultra-wealthy anymore. With global uncertainty on the rise and travel restrictions becoming more complex, citizenship by investment (CBI) programs have seen demand surge by over 30% since 2021.
These programs let you obtain a legitimate second passport by making a qualifying investment in a country’s economy. The result? Enhanced global mobility, visa-free travel to dozens of countries, and a backup plan for you and your family.
But here’s what most people don’t realize: not all CBI programs are created equal. Some offer incredible travel freedom but come with hefty price tags. Others are affordable but provide limited visa-free access.
The landscape has changed dramatically in recent years. The EU has cracked down hard on several programs, while new options have emerged in the Pacific. Some programs that seemed bulletproof just a few years ago now face serious challenges.
Let’s get into the topic and find out in which countries you can buy your citizenship today.
Understanding Citizenship By Investment
Citizenship by investment programs allow individuals to acquire a second citizenship and passport by making a qualifying financial contribution to a country. Think of it as economic naturalization—you’re contributing to a nation’s development in exchange for the rights and privileges of citizenship.
The concept started in 1984 when St. Kitts & Nevis launched the world’s first formal CBI program. Since then, it has expanded globally, with countries in the Caribbean, Europe, and Pacific regions offering various versions.
Most people pursue second citizenship for three primary reasons: enhanced global mobility, tax optimization opportunities, and personal security. With a second passport, you can travel visa-free to significantly more countries, potentially reduce your tax burden legally, and have an escape route if political or economic conditions deteriorate in your home country.
However, there are common misconceptions that need addressing. CBI doesn’t automatically eliminate your tax obligations elsewhere—you’ll still need proper tax planning. Not all programs offer the same level of visa-free access. And contrary to popular belief, these programs have strict due diligence requirements to exclude high-risk applicants.
The Current State of CBI Programs in 2025
The citizenship by investment landscape has undergone significant changes in recent years. The European Union has increased scrutiny on CBI programs, leading to the closure or reform of several high-profile options. Malta’s program, once a straightforward purchase of citizenship, now requires actual residency and a longer naturalization process.
Meanwhile, Caribbean programs remain popular but have raised their investment thresholds and tightened due diligence procedures. New players like Nauru have entered the market, offering alternatives for investors looking beyond traditional options.
The trend toward higher standards means higher costs, but it also means more legitimate, defensible citizenship programs that are less likely to face future challenges from international bodies.
Easiest 10 Citizenships by Investment Programs
1. St. Kitts & Nevis
As the world’s oldest CBI program, St. Kitts & Nevis offers unmatched credibility and visa-free access to over 150 countries, including the EU Schengen area, UK, and Singapore.
Investment Options:
• $250,000 donation to the Sustainable Island State Contribution Fund
• $400,000 real estate investment
Processing Time: 4-6 months with expedited options available
The program requires no residency and offers the ability to include dependents. Recent reforms have increased transparency and due diligence procedures, making it even more robust against international scrutiny.
2. Antigua & Barbuda
Antigua & Barbuda’s program stands out for its family-friendly approach and relatively low donation threshold. The country offers visa-free access to over 150 countries and requires only 5 days of residency over 5 years.
Investment Options:
• $200,000 donation to National Development Fund
• $400,000 real estate investment
• $1.5 million business investment
The program allows you to include spouse, children, parents, and even grandparents in a single application, making it cost-effective for larger families.
3. Dominica
Dominica offers the most affordable entry point into Caribbean citizenship, with donations starting at just $100,000. Despite the lower cost, citizens enjoy visa-free access to 144 countries, including the EU and UK.
The program requires no mandatory visit to the country and offers significant tax incentives. However, recent legal reforms have increased scrutiny on the real estate investment path.
4. St. Lucia
St. Lucia’s program offers multiple investment routes, including government bonds and enterprise investments alongside traditional donation and real estate options. Citizens gain visa-free access to 147 countries.
The country maintains tax neutrality, meaning no global income tax for citizens, and has recently updated its due diligence procedures to meet international standards.
5. Grenada
Grenada’s citizenship program offers a unique advantage: visa-free access to China, which no other Caribbean CBI program provides. Citizens also enjoy access to 146 countries and eligibility for the US E-2 investor visa.
Investment Options:
• $150,000 donation
• $220,000 real estate investment
The E-2 visa pathway makes Grenada particularly attractive for entrepreneurs looking to establish businesses in the United States.
6. Malta – EU Citizenship (With Conditions)
Malta’s program has evolved from direct citizenship by investment to naturalization through investment. While more complex and expensive, it offers full EU citizenship with the right to live and work across 27 EU countries.
Investment Required: €690,000+ plus property and donations
Processing Time: 12-36 months with mandatory residency
Citizens gain visa-free access to 190+ countries, including the US (via ESTA), Canada, and Australia. The program now requires actual residency in Malta, making it more legitimate but less convenient for some investors.
7. Turkey
Turkey offers citizenship through real estate investment ($400,000) or bank deposits ($500,000). As a G20 member with growing global influence, Turkish citizenship provides access to 110+ countries visa-free.
The program processes applications quickly (3-6 months) and offers residency in a country that bridges Europe and Asia. However, recent tightening has made the real estate route more complex.
8. Vanuatu
Vanuatu’s Development Support Program is the world’s fastest CBI program, processing applications in just 6-8 weeks. The investment starts at $130,000 for a single applicant.
However, the program faces challenges. EU and UK visa-free access has been suspended due to due diligence concerns, limiting its appeal for some investors. The government is actively working to reinstate these privileges.
9. Samoa
Samoa’s program requires a substantial $1 million investment but offers full Commonwealth recognition and visa-free access to 131 countries, including Canada, Russia, and the EU.
The program processes slowly (36+ months) and has limited international recognition. It’s best suited for investors specifically interested in Pacific region access.
10. Nauru
Nauru launched a pilot investment program in 2025 with limited availability. Details are still evolving, but the program starts around $100,000 with at least 12 months processing time.
As a new program, it lacks the track record and international recognition of established options. However, it may appeal to investors seeking a rare Pacific passport.
How to start a path for citizenship
Selecting a CBI program isn’t just about finding the cheapest option. Consider your specific goals: Do you need EU access? US business opportunities? Tax optimization? Family inclusion?
Caribbean programs generally offer the best balance of cost, processing speed, and visa-free access. European options provide stronger long-term residency rights but require more time and money. Pacific programs offer unique benefits but may have limited international recognition.
Due diligence is crucial regardless of which program you choose. All legitimate programs conduct thorough background checks, source of funds verification, and ongoing compliance monitoring.
The Future of Citizenship by Investment
The CBI industry continues evolving toward higher standards and greater transparency. Expect rising investment thresholds, enhanced due diligence procedures, and increased international cooperation on program oversight.
Some trends to watch include AI-driven vetting processes, dynamic compliance requirements, and a shift toward long-term integration rather than purely transactional relationships.
The demand for second citizenship will likely continue growing as global mobility becomes increasingly valuable. However, only programs that maintain the highest standards will survive future scrutiny.
Getting Professional Guidance
Citizenship by investment is complex, with significant legal and financial implications. Working with experienced professionals can help you navigate the process successfully and avoid costly mistakes.
Reputable firms conduct pre-screening assessments, handle document preparation, manage government relationships, and provide ongoing support throughout the process. The Global Residence Index offers comprehensive guidance on CBI programs and can help match you with the right option for your circumstances.
Remember that citizenship by investment is a long-term decision that affects you and your family’s future. Take time to research thoroughly, understand all requirements, and work with trusted advisors who prioritize your interests over sales objectives.
Second citizenship through investment offers unprecedented opportunities for global mobility, security, and lifestyle enhancement. With proper planning and professional guidance, you can secure the travel freedom and peace of mind that comes with holding citizenship in multiple countries.